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Introduction to Soil Fertility Uvod u plodnost tla

Soil fertility is concerned with the inherent capacity of soil to provide nutrients in adequate amounts and in proper balance for the growth of specified plants when other growth factors such as light moisture and temperature and the physical condition of the soil are favourable. Plodnost tla zabrinjava u svezi s kapacitetom tla za hranjivim tvarima u adekvatne iznose i ravnoteže za pravilan rast biljaka naveli kada drugi čimbenici rasta kao što je svjetlost temperature i vlage i fizičkog stanja na tlu su povoljni. Soil fertility is an aspect of the soil plant relationship viz. Plodnost tla je aspekt u tlu biljka odnos to jest. plant growth with reference to plant nutrients available in soil. biljnog rasta u odnosu na biljni hranjivim tvarima dostupna u tlu. A fertile soil is considered to be one that produces abundant crops under suitable environmental conditions. Plodnom tlu smatra se onaj koji proizvodi obiluju žitarice pod pogodnim uvjetima zaštite okoliša. Only a very small fraction of the total nutrient content of soil can be utilize by plants. Samo vrlo mali udio od ukupnog sadržaja ishranu tla može koristiti od strane biljaka. To get quick measure of nutrient availability following soil fertility evaluation methods used --- Da biste brzo mjera za ishranu Dostupno sljedeće plodnost tla metodama ocjenjivanja koriste ---

1. Biological Biološka
2. Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency or toxicity Visual simptomi ishranu nedostatak ili toksičnost
3. Plant analysis Biljne analize
4. Soil analysis. Analiza tla.

Soil factors influencing nutrient availability Tlo faktori koji utječu na ishranu Dostupno

Soil reaction (pH) is the most important factor, which governs availability of nutrients in soil. Reakcija tla (pH) je najvažniji faktor koji regulira dostupnost hranjiva tvar u tlu. The pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 is the optimum for availability of most of the nutrient availability. The pH rasponu od 6,5 do 7,5 je optimalna za dostupnost najveći dio za ishranu dostupnosti.

• Nitrogen Dušik

The ammonifiers and nitrifies are active at pH 5.5 to 6.0, below which nitrogen availability decreases. U ammonifiers i nitrifies su aktivni na pH 5,5 do 6,0, ispod kojih se smanjuje Dostupnost dušika.

• Phosphorus Fosfor

Phosphorus availability is maximum in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. In red and lateritic soils the phosphate availability depends on the amount of sesquioxides. Fosfor Dostupno je maksimalna u pH rasponu od 6.5 do 7.5. Crvenim i lateritic tla na fosfat dostupnost ovisi o količini sesquioxides. Liming of acid soils increase phosphate availability. Liming od kiselina tla povećati dostupnost fosfat.

• Potassium Kalij

Potassium availability depends on exchangeable potassium, potassium saturation of exchange complex, CEC and pH. Kalijev dostupnost ovisi o zamjenljiv kalij, kalijum zasićenosti kompleksu razmjene, SIP i pH.

• Calcium, Magnesium Calcium, Magnesium

Calcium and magnesium are available in cationic form and their availability is decreased governed by the factors which control exchange equilibrium in soil at low pH (below 6.0) their availability decreases. Kalcija i magnezija koji su dostupni u obliku cationic i njihova dostupnost je smanjen prema faktorima koji kontroliraju razmjene ravnoteža u tlu pri niskim pH (ispod 6,0) smanjuje njihovu dostupnost.

• Micro Nutrient Availability Mikro hranjiva Raspoloživost

These are available to at low pH range. To su dostupni na niskom pH raspona. Alternate drying and heating the soil increases availability soil manganese. Availability of boron decreases below pH 5.0 and above 7.0 but above pH 8.5 it again increases. Zamjenska sušenje i grijanje na tlu povećava dostupnost tla mangan. Dostupnost bor smanji ispod pH 5,0 i iznad 7,0, ali iznad pH 8.5 to opet povećava. Availability of molybdenum increases above pH 6.5. Dostupnost molibden povećava iznad 6.5 pH.

Maintenance of soil fertility Održavanje plodnost tla

Nutrients are continuously removed from the soil by crops in addition to losses by leaching and erosion. Hranjiva se kontinuirano uklonjena iz tla od žitarica uz gubitke od erozija i ispiranje. It is therefore, essential that sound soil and crop management practices are adopted to improve and maintain soil fertility and soil physical conditions for the purpose of sustained crop production. To je, dakle, neophodno da zvuk tla i obrezivanje upravljanje praksi su usvojene za poboljšanje i održavanje plodnosti tla i tla fizičke uvjete za cilj kontinuirana biljna proizvodnja. The management practices that play an important role in the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility are given below: - Uprava praksi koje igraju važnu ulogu u održavanju i poboljšanju plodnosti tla su u nastavku: --

Crop rotation Plodored

The benefits of a good crop rotation are, increased organic matter, nitrogen supply and improved soil structure. Prednostima dobar plodored su, povećana organske tvari, dušični opskrbe te poboljšanje strukture tla. Especially deep rooted legumes or crops capable of feeding themselves efficiently at various soil depth. Posebno duboko ukorijenjena mahunarke i žitarice sposobna učinkovito hranjenje sebe na tlu razne dubine. Deep rooted crops increased permeability of soil at lower depths to air and water. Duboko ukorijenjen žitarica povećana propusnost tla na nižim dubinama do zraka i vode. The other benefits of crop rotation are keeping soil under crop, control of run off, soil erosion and efficient use of fertilizers eg cereals-legumes. Ostale prednosti plodoreda su održavali tlo pod obrezivanje, kontrolu pobjeći, erozija tla i učinkovita uporaba gnojiva npr. žitarice-mahunarke.

Manures and Fertilizers Manures i gnojiva

Balance fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers helps in maintaining soil fertility. Stanje gnojidba s dušik, fosfor i kalij gnojiva pomaže u održavanju plodnosti tla. Application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers helps to improve and maintain soil fertility, soil productivity and soil physical conditions. Primjena organskih gnojiva i kemijskih manures pomaže u poboljšanju i održavanje plodnosti tla, tla i produktivnost tla fizičkog stanja. Soil fertility and agricultural production can be maintain only by efficient and judicious management of nutrient addition to the soil from external sources. Plodnost tla i poljoprivrednu proizvodnju mogu se održavati samo efikasan i razuman upravljanje ishranu osim zemljišta iz vanjskih izvora.

• Manures Manures

Organic manures bind the sandy soil and improve its water holding capacity. They open the clayey soil and help in aeration better root growth. Organska manures svezati pješčana tla i poboljšati svoje vode kapacitet. Oni su otvorili tla od ilovače i pomoć u provjetravanje bolji rast korijena. They add plant nutrients in small percentage and also add micro nutrients which are essential for plant growth the microbial activity is increased which helps in releasing plant nutrients in available for eg bulky organic manures- FYM, compost from organic waste, night soil, sludge, sewage, sheep folding, green manures, concentrated organic manures- oilcakes (edible, non-edible), blood meal, fish meal, bone meal. Oni dodati biljka hranjivim tvarima u malom postotku i dodaj mikro hranjivim tvarima koje su neophodne za rast biljka u porasla je mikrobna aktivnost koja pomaže u objavljivanju u biljnim hranjivim tvarima dostupna za npr. glomaznog organskih manures-FYM, kompost od organskog otpada, noćni tla, mulja, kanalizacija , Ovaca sklopivi, zeleni manures, koncentrirano organsko manures-oilcakes (jestivo, ne jestivo), krvnog brašna, ribljeg brašna, koštani obrok. Organic manures should be incorporated before the sowing or planting because of slow release of nutrients. Organska manures bi trebao biti uključene pred sjetvu ili sadnju zbog spore izdanju hranjivim tvarima.

• Fertilizers Gnojiva

Chemical fertilizers play an important role in crop production as the nutrient elements in fertilizer are present in higher concentration and in forms which can be readily utilize by plants directly or after rapid transformation. Kemijska gnojiva odigrati važnu ulogu u biljna proizvodnja kao i elementi u gnojivo za ishranu su prisutni u većoj koncentraciji i oblike koji se mogu koristiti odmah po biljkama izravno ili nakon brza transformacija. Their dose can be adjusted to suit the requirement as determine by soil fertility evaluation. Njihova doza se može podesiti tako da odgovara na zahtjev kao određujemo plodnost tla evaluacija. fertilizers applied through straight fertilizers- providing single nutrient or complex and mixed fertilizers- supplies two or more nutrients. gnojiva primijenjena kroz ravno-gnojiva osigurava jedinstveno za ishranu ili kompleksa i miješana gnojiva-oprema dvije ili više hranjivim tvarima. While application of fertilizers following consideration should be taken in account- Iako primjena gnojiva sljedeći obzir bi trebalo uzeti u obzir -

• Soil factors Tlo faktori

The coarse texture soils are poorer in available nutrients than fine texture soils. U grubo tekstura tla su dostupna u siromašnijim hranjivim tvarima nego fina tekstura tla. Hence, it is necessary to apply nitrogenous, phosphatic and potassic fertilizers more frequently than in fine texture soils. Higher the soil fertility the lower is the response of crops to fertilizer. Soil reaction is important in selection of right type of phosphatic fertilizer. Dakle, potrebno je primijeniti azotni, phosphatic i potassic gnojiva češće nego u fina tekstura tla. Veća plodnost tla donjem je odgovor usjeva za gnojivo. Reakcija tla je važna u odabiru pravo phosphatic tipu gnojivo. Efficient use of fertilizers by the crop is more in the higher organic matter status of soil. Učinkovito korištenje gnojiva po obrezivanje je više u viši status organske tvari tla.

• Climatic factors Klimatski čimbenici

These include temperature, rainfall, evaporation, and length of day and growing season. To su temperatura, oborine, isparavanje i dužine dana i raste sezone. The rate of nitrification is slower in a cooler climate that in a warmer climate. Stopa nitrovanje je sporiji u hladnjak klime koji u toplija klima. Hence, more ammonical nitrogenous fertilizers will needed in a cool climate. Dakle, više ammonical azotni gnojiva će potrebno hladiti u klimi. In region of high rainfall because of higher yield potential and leaching loss of soil and fertilizers nutrients, require higher fertilizer. U području visoke padavine zbog visokog potencijala prinosa i ispiranje gubitak tla i gnojiva hranjivim tvarima, zahtijevaju veći gnojivo. In arid region soil moisture is the limiting factor in fertilizer use. U sušno područje vlage tla je ograničavajući faktor u đubre upotrebu. If soil moisture is conserve efficiently fertilizer becomes very effective. Ako je vlažnost tla sačuvati efikasno gnojivo postaje vrlo učinkovit.

• Application methods Primjena metode

Application of fertilizer is by using proper methods and time is important in crop production. Primjena gnojiva je pomoću odgovarajuće metode i vrijeme je važno u biljna proizvodnja. Nitrogenous fertilizer should be applied in split doses while slow releasing, phosphorus and potassium should be applied at the time of sowing or planting. Azotni gnojiva treba primijeniti u Splitu doze dok spor objavljivanju, fosfor i kalij treba primijeniti u vrijeme sjetvu ili sadnju. Instead of broadcasting fertilizers should be applied by placement method or through fertigation. Umjesto emitiranja gnojiva treba primijeniti po plasman metoda ili preko fertigation.

Reclamation of problem soils Melioracija tla problema

Problematic soils; acidic, saline and alkaline soils can be bring in proper condition for raising the crop satisfactorily and economically, special measures have to be adopted. Problemi s tla; kiselinski, slane i alkalna tla može dovesti u ispravnom stanju za podizanje obrezivanje zadovoljavajuće i ekonomski, posebne mjere moraju biti usvojen. Acidic soils can be corrected by liming. Kiselinski tla može biti korigiran po liming. Saline and alkaline soils can be reclaimed by improving drainage scrapping off surface soils and using gypsum, sulphur, molasses and adopting agronomical measures like green manuring, adding organic manures, mulching and suitable crops rotation. Soni i alkalna tla može biti iskrčeno poboljšanjem drenaža scrapping off površina tla i pomoću gipsa, sumpora, melasa i usvajanje poljoprivredni mjere kao zeleno đubrenje, dodavanja organskih manures, zagrtanje biljaka i prikladna rotacija usjeva.

See also... Pogledajte također ...

Identifying Your Soil Type Identificiranje vaš tip tla
How pH Affects Plant Foods Kako pH utječe na biljnu hranu
Finding Soil's pH Traženje tla je pH
Raising Soil pH Povećanje pH tla
Lowering Soil pH Spuštanje Soil pH
pH Plant Preference Lists ph biljka Povlaštene liste